Keithley

Source Measure Units tightly couple precision voltage and current sourcing with integrated measurement capabilities in a single instrument. Standard bench models like the Keithley 2400 offer 20 W of four-quadrant sourcing and measuring with 5.5-digit resolution. For high-voltage applications, the Keithley 237 and Keithley 2410 extend sourcing levels up to 1100 V and 1000 V respectively, while high-current tasks are served by models like the Keithley 2440 (up to 5 A) and Keithley 238 (up to 1 A).

Newer configurations like the Keithley 2450 incorporate 5-inch graphical touchscreen interfaces for visual characterization. Multi-channel system SMUs such as the Keithley 2602B and Keithley 2636B use Test Script Processor (TSP) technology to run automated test sequences directly on the instrument without computer intervention.

Keithley's digital multimeter catalog ranges from utility bench instruments to metrology-grade systems. Standard high-performance options include the 6.5-digit Keithley 2000 and the audio-band capable Keithley 2015 and Keithley 2016 multimeters. For higher precision, the 7.5-digit Keithley 2001 and Keithley 2010 multimeters provide high resolution and low noise, while the Keithley 2002 delivers 8.5-digit resolution with a 28-bit A-to-D converter and a 1 nV noise floor on its lowest range.

Modern graphical systems like the Keithley DMM7510 feature a 5-inch WVGA color touchscreen and an integrated high-speed 18-bit digitizer for transient waveform analysis. For ultra-low voltage measurements, the Keithley 2182A Nanovoltmeter provides dual-channel capabilities with 1 nV sensitivity and coordinates with current sources for low-resistance testing.

For characterization of semiconductors and high-resistance materials, specialized sensitive instruments are required. The Keithley 6485 Picoammeter provides eight current measurement ranges from 2 nA to 20 mA with a maximum resolution of 10 fA. The Keithley 6487 adds an integrated ±500 V voltage source to support high-resistance measurements.

For more versatile charge and resistance testing, electrometers such as the Keithley 6514, Keithley 617, and Keithley 619 support multiple measurement functions with high input impedance, low input bias currents (less than 400 fA for the Keithley 619), and triaxial connections to minimize environmental noise.

To manage multi-channel testing, Keithley offers programmable switch mainframes that route signals between device-under-test pins and measurement instruments. The Keithley 7001 is a two-slot mainframe supporting up to 40 channels per slot, while the Keithley 7002/-HD features ten card slots to support up to 400 two-pole channels.

The Series 3700 and 3700A systems, such as the Keithley 3706 and Keithley 3706A mainframes, feature six slots and can incorporate an integrated 7.5-digit DMM. These mainframes support high-density cards like the Keithley 3722, a dual 1x48 multiplexer card with 96 two-pole channels using latching reed relays.